164 ROYAL GOLD 2023 Asset Handbook Term Definition Run-of-mine (ROM) Typically refers to the blasted/broken material removed from an open-pit or underground mine and directly placed on a leach pad or into a processing plant. Satellite deposit A secondary mineral deposit situated at a distance from the primary deposit. Semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) Mills that grind hard ores with fracture characteristics that do not lend themselves to fully autogenous milling are charged with a small amount of steel balls to assist in the size reduction. Semi-autogenous mill-ball mill-pebble crushing (SABC) communition circuit A standard crushing and grinding circuit. Skarn In geology, metamorphic and metasomatic zone developed at the contact of igneous intrusions with carbonate sedimentary rocks with both near hydrothermal fluid source (endoskarn) and distal (exoskarn) zones. Sliding-scale royalty A royalty percentage that is determined based on commodity price or other defined variables. Slurry A mixture of ore concentrate and water. Smelting A process of applying heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to extract a desired metal product. Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX-EW) A two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low- grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent. Electrowinning is then used to remove copper from the solvent onto a cathode. Stress-relief mining Involves the use of short-term sacrificial mine rooms to draw the mining-induced high horizontal stresses away from nearby long-term entries. Sublevel stoping A mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine or from intermediate haulage levels. Sulfide ore A mineral or compound characterized by the linkage of sulphur with a metal or semimetal. Supergene A mineral deposition created when near-surface oxidation produces acidic solutions that leach metals, carry them downward, and reprecipitate them, thus enriching sulfide minerals already present. Suspension-grade potash A soluble fertilizer mixed with an aqueous solution that provides the benefits of a liquid and dry fertilizer for crops. Tailings In mining, tailings or tails are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an ore. Technical Report A summary of material scientific and technical information concerning mineral exploration, development, and production activities on a mineral property that is material to an issuer. Third-party offtake A contract in which the third party (offtaker) agrees to buy a certain amount of product produced by a project at an agreed price. Transverse open-stoping A longhole open stoping method used in wider orebodies where footwall access is justified and a primary-secondary stope mining sequence can lead to high productivity. Also used in orebodies with weak hangingwalls where the hangingwall span needs to be limited and personnel and equipment kept remote from the hangingwall. Unconsolidated waste backfill Waste material deposited in stopes with no binder addition. Underground mining The process of extracting minerals from the earth through the development of shafts, adits and declines from the surface to the deposits before recovering the products using underground extraction methods.